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Related Concept Videos

Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
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Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Spontaneity02:21

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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Spontaneous Deicing on Cold Surfaces.

Dong Song1,2, Youhua Jiang1, Tsengming Chou3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, New Jersey, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water droplets spontaneously deice on surfaces below -57°C, freezing horizontally. This unique phenomenon, observed at temperatures as low as -120°C, offers new deicing strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Physics

Background:

  • Droplet freezing on cold surfaces is common but poorly understood below -60°C.
  • Understanding freezing mechanisms is crucial for various low-temperature applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unique spontaneous deicing phenomena of water droplets impacting extremely cold surfaces.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of droplet freezing and delamination at sub-zero temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of water droplet impact and freezing on hydrophilic silicon surfaces cooled to -120°C.
  • Analysis of freezing patterns (radial outward vs. upward) in relation to surface temperature.
  • Investigating the effects of thermal and hydrophobic surface modifications on deicing.

Main Results:

  • Water droplets spontaneously delaminate and freeze radially outward on hydrophilic surfaces below a critical temperature (e.g., -57°C).
  • This contrasts with typical upward freezing observed on warmer surfaces.
  • Deicing behavior can be controlled by adjusting surface temperature and hydrophobicity.

Conclusions:

  • A novel spontaneous deicing mechanism involving droplet self-delamination occurs at extremely low surface temperatures.
  • This phenomenon is temperature-dependent and influenced by surface properties.
  • Findings provide insights for developing advanced deicing and icephobic surface technologies.