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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Automatic Laser-based Geometry Capture for Finite Element Analysis of Weld Beads
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The way ahead for fusion

    Nature Physics
    |September 9, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nuclear fusion research is advancing, with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) tokamak entering its crucial machine assembly phase. This recap covers the history and current progress of fusion energy development.

    Area of Science:

    • Nuclear Engineering
    • Plasma Physics
    • Energy Science

    Background:

    • Recounting the historical progression of nuclear fusion research.
    • Detailing the current state of fusion energy development.
    • Highlighting the significance of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project.

    Discussion:

    • Examining the challenges and breakthroughs in achieving controlled nuclear fusion.
    • Assessing the technological advancements contributing to fusion energy.
    • Contextualizing ITER's role in the global pursuit of fusion power.

    Key Insights:

    • Fusion research has a long history of scientific inquiry and engineering challenges.
    • The ITER project represents a major international collaboration and a critical step towards commercial fusion power.
    Keywords:
    Climate changeLaser-produced plasmasMagnetically confined plasmasPlasma physics

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  • Current research focuses on plasma confinement, materials science, and reactor design.

    • Outlook:

    • The machine assembly phase of ITER is pivotal for future fusion energy deployment.
    • Continued research and international cooperation are essential for realizing fusion power.
    • Successful ITER operation could pave the way for sustainable, clean energy generation.