Molecular Pathogenesis and Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma.

Area of Science:

• Genomic research
• Molecular biology
• Cancer pathogenesis

Background:

• Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through complex genetic and epigenetic changes.
• Understanding these molecular pathways is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review historical and recent genomic research on colorectal cancer.
• To enhance the understanding of colorectal cancer pathogenesis.
• To present key molecular pathways, genetic mutations, and tumor sidedness differences.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of genomic research in colorectal carcinogenesis.
• Analysis of molecular classification systems for colorectal cancer.
• Synthesis of current knowledge on molecular pathogenesis.

Main Results:

• The 2015 consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) unified CRC classification into four groups.
• CMS classification improves understanding of molecular and immune signatures.
• This classification impacts predictions of clinical behavior and therapeutic response.

Conclusions:

• Current literature and expert experience highlight important molecular pathogenesis pathways.
• Key genetic mutations and differences in left vs. right-sided tumors are discussed.
• The molecular classification of colorectal cancers provides a framework for personalized medicine.