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Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Perovskite Crystallization Dynamics during Spin-Casting: An In Situ Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study.

Noura Alhazmi¹, Edwin Pineda¹, Jonathan Rawle²

¹Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.

ACS Applied Energy Materials

|September 9, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In situ X-ray scattering reveals different crystallization pathways for methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) perovskite precursor films during spin coating. MA films form a 1D intermediate, while FA films show slower 3D crystallization and some direct perovskite formation.

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Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Spin coating is a common laboratory technique for fabricating perovskite thin films.
Understanding precursor film crystallization dynamics is crucial for optimizing perovskite solar cell performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and compare the crystallization dynamics of methylammonium lead halide (MAPbI3-Cl) and formamidinium lead halide (FAPbI3-Cl) precursor films during spin coating.
To elucidate the differences in film formation pathways between MAPbI3-Cl and FAPbI3-Cl.

Main Methods:

Utilized in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) during the spin coating process.
Employed a custom hollow axis spin coater for transmission geometry X-ray collection.
Analyzed the crystallization dynamics of MAPbI3-Cl and FAPbI3-Cl precursor films.

Main Results:

MAPbI3-Cl films exhibited rapid 1D crystallization of the MA2PbI3Cl intermediate, requiring subsequent annealing to form MAPbI3.
FAPbI3-Cl films showed slower 3D precursor crystallization compared to MAPbI3-Cl.
Direct formation of FAPbI3-Cl perovskite phase was observed during spin coating, prior to annealing.

Conclusions:

Significant differences exist in the crystallization pathways of MAPbI3-Cl and FAPbI3-Cl precursor films.
These distinct pathways likely contribute to the observed differences in the operational lifetimes of corresponding perovskite solar cells.