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Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites
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Ape Origins of Human Malaria.

Paul M Sharp1, Lindsey J Plenderleith1, Beatrice H Hahn2

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.

Annual Review of Microbiology
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

African apes host numerous Plasmodium parasites, some infecting humans. Research traces the origins of human malaria (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae) to ape ancestors, revealing reduced genetic diversity in human malaria strains.

Keywords:
Plasmodiumchimpanzeecross species transmissionevolutiongorillainterspecies gene transfermalaria

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Area of Science:

  • * Primatology and Parasitology
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Zoonotic Disease Research

Background:

  • * African apes host at least twelve Plasmodium species, with some capable of infecting humans.
  • * Human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax originated from ape Plasmodium lineages.
  • * Plasmodium malariae is also believed to have African ape origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the origins and evolutionary history of all human-infective Plasmodium species.
  • * To investigate the timing and circumstances of Plasmodium emergence in humans.
  • * To examine the diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of ape Plasmodium parasites.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing scientific literature on Plasmodium species in African apes and humans.
  • * Analysis of genetic diversity and mutation patterns in human versus ape Plasmodium parasites.
  • * Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships and origins.

Main Results:

  • * Plasmodium falciparum emerged from a gorilla parasite within the last 10,000 years.
  • * Plasmodium vivax originated from an earlier lineage infecting both humans and apes in Africa.
  • * Human malaria parasites exhibit reduced genetic diversity and evidence of population bottlenecks compared to ape relatives.
  • * A new Plasmodium species in apes suggests African origins for Plasmodium malariae.

Conclusions:

  • * Human malaria parasites have multiple independent origins from African ape Plasmodium species.
  • * Zoonotic transmission events and subsequent population dynamics shaped the evolution of human malaria.
  • * Understanding ape Plasmodium diversity is crucial for assessing future zoonotic risks.