Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

17.6K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
17.6K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.5K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.5K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

21.4K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
21.4K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

31.3K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
31.3K
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

137.5K
Overview
137.5K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

507
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
507

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Parsing the functions of immediate-early proteins in the lytic-latent balance of HCMV infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Viral entry shapes HCMV latency establishment.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A cytomegalovirus-encoded lncRNA blocks cell-cycle progression.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

RNA-binding protein LARP6 coordinates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Single-cell and isoform-specific translational profiling of the mouse brain.

Nature·2026
Same author

Regulation of venom composition by the Australian funnel-web spider Hadronyche infensa is achieved via compartmentalised toxin production and venom metering.

Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology·2026
Same journal

Daily briefing: How cooperation built the world.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Deep-sea oddities and boatloads of other new species - June's best science images.

Nature·2026
Same journal

From cloning to gene-editing: the enduring legacy of Dolly the sheep.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Time to give hydration breaks the red card? What science says about keeping cool.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Universities are relying on AI-detection software to catch cheating. How well do the programs work?

Nature·2026
Same journal

Daily briefing: 'Cyborg' cockroaches breathe underwater with printed suit.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

In Vitro Selection of Aptamers to Differentiate Infectious from Non-Infectious Viruses
12:23

In Vitro Selection of Aptamers to Differentiate Infectious from Non-Infectious Viruses

Published on: September 7, 2022

1.9K

The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2.

Yaara Finkel1, Orel Mizrahi1, Aharon Nachshon1

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Nature
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers mapped the full protein repertoire of SARS-CoV-2, identifying 23 new viral open reading frames (ORFs). This detailed map aids understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenicity and therapeutic development.

More Related Videos

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
05:23

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: December 23, 2020

6.4K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Pathogen Diagnostics with Standardized LAMP
05:34

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pathogen Diagnostics with Standardized LAMP

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

In Vitro Selection of Aptamers to Differentiate Infectious from Non-Infectious Viruses
12:23

In Vitro Selection of Aptamers to Differentiate Infectious from Non-Infectious Viruses

Published on: September 7, 2022

1.9K
Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
05:23

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: December 23, 2020

6.4K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Pathogen Diagnostics with Standardized LAMP
05:34

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pathogen Diagnostics with Standardized LAMP

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Understanding SARS-CoV-2 protein expression is crucial for developing therapeutics.
  • Current protein maps rely on predictions and homology, necessitating direct characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a high-resolution map of SARS-CoV-2 coding regions.
  • To identify and quantify all expressed viral proteins, including novel ones.
  • To understand viral translation efficiency relative to host cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a suite of ribosome-profiling techniques.
  • Performed unbiased, open-ended characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 genome.
  • Quantified expression of canonical and unannotated viral open reading frames (ORFs).

Main Results:

  • Generated a high-resolution map of SARS-CoV-2 coding regions.
  • Identified 23 previously unannotated viral ORFs, including regulatory and novel polypeptide-generating ORFs.
  • Demonstrated that high viral transcript levels, not increased efficiency, drive dominant viral translation.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive protein repertoire map for SARS-CoV-2.
  • Identified novel viral ORFs offer new avenues for functional studies and therapeutic targeting.
  • The findings clarify viral translation dynamics, essential for understanding pathogenesis.