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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation01:16

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Sympathetic Signaling01:31

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions
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Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity.

Rachael A Scott1, Alejandro A Rabinstein2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Seminars in Neurology
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a common complication in severe brain injury, causing sudden episodes of increased heart rate and blood pressure. Early recognition and treatment of PSH are crucial to prevent secondary complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a frequent, yet often overlooked, complication of acute diffuse or multifocal brain injuries.
  • It is most commonly observed in young, comatose patients following severe traumatic brain injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity.
  • To emphasize the importance of prompt and adequate treatment to mitigate secondary complications.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on characteristic signs and symptoms.
  • Assessment of triggers and patient's response to stimuli.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies including environmental modifications, abortive, and preventive medications.

Main Results:

  • PSH is characterized by recurrent episodes of tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, sweating, fever, and dystonic posturing.
  • It is hypothesized to result from impaired cortical inhibition of brainstem and spinal cord centers, leading to exaggerated sympathetic responses.
  • Treatment involves minimizing external stimuli and utilizing medications like morphine, gabapentin, propranolol, and clonidine.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt and effective management of PSH is essential.
  • Adequate treatment can reduce the incidence of secondary complications such as dehydration, malnutrition, and contractures.