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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Quantum Technologies

    Background:

    • Integrated nonlinear optical devices are essential for light field manipulation.
    • Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) is a key material, but its waveguide fabrication is not fully understood.
    • Understanding KTP waveguide properties is crucial for high-efficiency quantum devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate rubidium-exchanged waveguides in KTP.
    • To analyze the influence of fabrication parameters (time, temperature) on waveguide properties.
    • To understand the relationship between waveguide width and depth.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of rubidium-exchanged waveguides in KTP with varied time and temperature.
    • Analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
    • Reconstruction of waveguide depth profiles to determine depth and width relationships.

    Main Results:

    • Waveguide depth is dependent on waveguide width, with narrower waveguides being deeper.
    • This contradicts the commonly used theoretical model.
    • The variation in penetration depth with waveguide width increases at higher temperatures and times, attributed to stress-induced diffusion.

    Conclusions:

    • The study reveals a non-intuitive relationship between width and depth in KTP waveguides.
    • Fabrication parameters significantly influence waveguide characteristics.
    • Stress-induced variations in diffusion are key to understanding these properties for quantum applications.