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Updated: Dec 9, 2025
Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor
Published on: January 4, 2016
On-Site Monitoring of Postoperative Bile Leakage Using Bilirubin-Inducible Fluorescent Protein
Yoshiharu Kono1, Takeaki Ishizawa1,2, Norihiro Kokudo1
1Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
Background:
Bile leakage is the most common postoperative complication associated with hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. Until now, however, a rapid, accurate diagnostic method for monitoring intraoperative and postoperative bile leakage had not been established.
Method:
Bilirubin levels in drained abdominal fluids collected from 23 patients who had undergone hepatectomy (n = 22) or liver transplantation (n = 1) were measured using a microplate reader with excitation/emission wavelengths of 497/527 nm after applying 5 µM of UnaG to the samples. UnaG was also sprayed directly on hepatic raw surfaces in swine hepatectomy models to identify bile leaks by fluorescence imaging.
Results:
The bilirubin levels measured by UnaG fluorescence imaging showed favorable correlations with the results of the conventional light-absorptiometric methods (indirect bilirubin: rs = 0.939, p < 0.001; direct bilirubin: rs = 0.929, p < 0.001). Approximate time required for bilirubin measurements with UnaG was 15 min, whereas it took about 40 min with the conventional method at a hospital laboratory. Following administration of UnaG on hepatic surfaces, the fluorescence imaging identified bile leaks not only on the resected specimens but also in the abdominal cavity of the swine hepatectomy models.
Conclusion:
Fluorescence imaging techniques using UnaG may enable real-time identification of bile leaks during hepatectomy and on-site rapid diagnosis of bile leaks after surgery.
