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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Viscosity01:17

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
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Capillarity in Fluid01:19

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Unique Modular Microphysiological System to Mimic Human Barrier Tissue
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Migrating Epithelial Monolayer Flows Like a Maxwell Viscoelastic Liquid.

S Tlili1,2, M Durande1, C Gay1

  • 1Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that migrating epithelial cells behave like a Maxwell viscoelastic liquid, not a solid. This finding is crucial for understanding collective cell migration dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Collective cell migration is fundamental to development and disease.
  • Understanding the physical properties of migrating cell layers is key to controlling their behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical behavior of autonomously migrating epithelial cell monolayers.
  • To determine the viscoelastic properties governing collective cell migration.

Main Methods:

  • Bidimensional Stokes experiment using Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells.
  • Image analysis of tissue flow and cell anisotropy.
  • Quantification of strain rate, cell deformation, and rearrangement rates.

Main Results:

  • Spatially heterogeneous tissue flow, deformation, and rearrangement rates were observed.
  • Strong correlation between cell deformation and rearrangement rates suggests Maxwell viscoelastic liquid behavior.
  • Measured relaxation time (τ=70±15 min) is independent of obstacle size and cell division rate.
  • Myosin inhibition increased the relaxation time.

Conclusions:

  • The migrating cell monolayer exhibits Maxwell viscoelastic liquid behavior.
  • Both elastic and viscous effects contribute significantly to collective cell migration.
  • The Weissenberg number close to one indicates comparable contributions of elastic and viscous forces.