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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device
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Skin Microbiome and its Interplay with the Environment.

Chris Callewaert1,2, Katia Ravard Helffer3, Philippe Lebaron4

  • 1Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.

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Summary

Modern technology reveals microbial community structures and functions in diverse environments. Understanding these microbiomes can lead to new probiotics and insights into environmental and skin health.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial ecology
  • Environmental microbiology
  • Medical microbiology

Background:

  • Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics enable detailed study of microbial communities.
  • Multidisciplinary studies characterize environmental, animal, and human microbiomes.
  • Linking microbial phylogenetic diversity to functional roles is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent technological insights into microbial communities in water and on skin.
  • To explore the colonization and environmental interactions of skin microbiomes.
  • To highlight the implications of microbiome research for health and environmental quality.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies utilizing advanced sequencing and analytical techniques.
  • Examination of microbial communities in natural resources (thermal spring water).
  • Analysis of microbiomes associated with large mammals (humpback whales) and humans (skin).

Main Results:

  • Modern technology provides detailed insights into microbial community structure and function.
  • Microbial interactions with the environment are crucial for understanding host-associated microbes.
  • Environmental factors and lifestyle changes impact skin microbiome composition and health.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding microbial communities aids in discovering novel probiotics and postbiotics.
  • Microbiome analysis can serve as an indicator of environmental quality.
  • Urbanization and lifestyle shifts significantly affect the human skin microbiome and associated health outcomes.