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Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation
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Chronic intracochlear electrical stimulation at high charge densities: reducing platinum dissolution.

Robert K Shepherd1,2, Paul M Carter3, Ya Lang Enke3

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Platinum electrode corrosion in cochlear implants can occur at high charge densities. Techniques like capacitive coupling reduce platinum corrosion but do not mitigate tissue response, though auditory nerve survival remains unaffected.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cochlear implants utilize platinum electrodes, which can corrode over time, releasing platinum particles into the cochlea.
  • The pathophysiological effects of platinum corrosion within the cochlea are not fully understood.
  • Previous studies indicated minimal impact at high charge densities, prompting further investigation into corrosion reduction techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate techniques for reducing platinum (Pt) electrode corrosion in cochlear implants.
  • To evaluate the pathophysiological effects of Pt corrosion at extreme charge densities.
  • To assess the impact of different charge recovery techniques on Pt corrosion and tissue response.

Main Methods:

  • Deafened guinea pigs were subjected to continuous stimulation for 28 days at extreme charge densities.
  • Stimulation methods included electrode shorting, capacitive coupling (CC), and alternating leading phase (AP).
  • Cochleae and electrodes were analyzed for corrosion products, tissue response, auditory nerve survival, and platinum levels.

Main Results:

  • Platinum corrosion was observed at charge densities of ≥200 μC cm-2 phase-1, influenced by charge density and recovery technique.
  • Capacitive coupling (CC) demonstrated reduced platinum corrosion compared to other methods.
  • Tissue response, including necrosis and macrophages, increased with charge density but was independent of the charge recovery technique.
  • No stimulus-induced loss of auditory nerves was observed despite significant corrosion and tissue response.

Conclusions:

  • High charge densities in cochlear implants can lead to significant platinum corrosion and tissue response.
  • Capacitive coupling and alternating leading phase techniques can reduce platinum corrosion.
  • Despite vigorous tissue response and corrosion products at clinically relevant high charge densities, auditory nerve survival is not compromised.