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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Actuarial Approach

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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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Assumptions of Survival Analysis01:15

Assumptions of Survival Analysis

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Survival models analyze the time until one or more events occur, such as death in biological organisms or failure in mechanical systems. These models are widely used across fields like medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event phenomena. To ensure accurate results, survival analysis relies on key assumptions and careful study design.
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Psychosurgery01:30

Psychosurgery

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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
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Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
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Spain's suicide statistics: do we believe them?

John Snowdon1,2

  • 1Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia. johnamblersnowdon@gmail.com.

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
|September 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low suicide rates in Spain may be due to "hidden suicides," such as accidental drownings and poisonings, rather than undetermined intent deaths. Further investigation into questionable cases is recommended.

Keywords:
Age patternsEngland and WalesMortality ratesSpainSuicide ratesUndetermined deaths

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Mortality Statistics

Background:

  • Global concern exists regarding the under-counting of suicides.
  • A significant number of suicides may be misclassified as accidental or of undetermined intent.
  • Investigating potential under-counting is crucial for understanding national suicide rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the extent to which low suicide rates in certain nations, specifically Spain, might be attributed to under-counting.
  • To compare suicide and related death classifications between Spain and England & Wales (E & W).

Main Methods:

  • Collected mortality statistics for Spain and E & W (2014-2018) for suicide, accidental deaths, and undetermined deaths.
  • Calculated crude mortality rates using official population data.
  • Compared rates with 12 other nations for suicide, undetermined death, and non-transport accidental death.

Main Results:

  • Spain's suicide rate (7.89/100,000) is lower than many nations; its undetermined intent death rate (0.09) is substantially lower than E & W (1.74).
  • Spain exhibits lower accidental poisoning rates than E & W.
  • Higher rates of ill-defined/unknown cause deaths in older populations and increased accidental drowning rates (paralleling suicide by drowning) were observed in Spain compared to E & W.

Conclusions:

  • Reportedly low suicide rates in Spain may be partly explained by 'hidden suicides,' including accidental drowning, male accidental poisoning, and potentially ill-defined/unknown cause deaths.
  • Events of undetermined intent (EUIs) do not appear to account for the discrepancy.
  • Recommends increased verbal and/or forensic autopsies for questionable 'undetermined' death cases globally.