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Related Concept Videos

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

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The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic...
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Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

463
Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

583
Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Methods for Studying the Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Clozapine for Treatment-Refractory Aggressive Behavior.

Teodorescu Andreea1, Ifteni Petru2, Ana Aliana Miron1

  • 11st and 3rd Clinical Departments, Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry and Neurology of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.

The Psychiatric Quarterly
|September 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Clozapine effectively and safely managed treatment-refractory aggressive behavior in psychiatric emergencies, even in patients without schizophrenia. This study highlights its broader utility beyond its gold standard indication.

Keywords:
AggressivenessClozapineEmergency psychiatryTreatment-refractory

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Emergency psychiatry addresses critical symptoms like suicidal behavior and aggression.
  • These symptoms manifest across various psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, intellectual disability, and personality disorders.
  • Antipsychotics are often used as rescue medication, with clozapine recognized for its efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use and effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-refractory aggressive behavior in psychiatric emergency settings.
  • To identify patient demographics and diagnoses receiving clozapine for aggression outside of schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study analyzed patient records from a psychiatric hospital in Brasov, Romania, between 2010 and 2019.
  • Included were patients admitted for psychiatric emergencies and treated with clozapine for aggressive behavior.
  • Data from 19,000 admissions were reviewed, focusing on 504 patients who received clozapine for aggression.

Main Results:

  • 504 patients (2.4%) received clozapine for aggressive behavior, with diagnoses including bipolar disorder (172), intellectual disability (128), cognitive impairment (112), and personality disorder (92).
  • Clozapine was administered as a third or fourth-line treatment.
  • Higher doses were required for manic patients (350.29 ± 98.01 mg/day).

Conclusions:

  • Clozapine demonstrated effectiveness and safety in managing treatment-refractory aggressive behavior in diverse psychiatric emergency cases.
  • The findings suggest clozapine's utility extends beyond schizophrenia, offering a valuable option for severe aggression in other conditions.