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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Delineating implicit and explicit processes in neurofeedback learning.

Santiago Muñoz-Moldes¹, Axel Cleeremans²

¹Consciousness, Cognition and Computation group, Center for Research in Cognition & Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

|September 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neurofeedback training helps regulate brain activity, but awareness plays a key role even in implicit learning. Future research should better measure awareness to understand neurofeedback mechanisms.

Keywords:

awareness biofeedback consciousness discrimination learning metacognition neurofeedback performance monitoring self-evaluation training

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Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Published on: January 20, 2012

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

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Published on: July 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Psychiatry

Background:

Neurofeedback enables self-regulation of neural activity, showing promise for psychiatric interventions.
Recent implicit neurofeedback methods spark debate on the necessity of awareness in learning.

Purpose of the Study:

Critically review the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning.
Focus on recently developed neurofeedback paradigms and their implications for awareness.

Main Methods:

Categorize neurofeedback tasks based on explicit and implicit process involvement.
Review current methods for measuring awareness during neurofeedback.
Propose novel candidate measures for assessing awareness.

Main Results:

Explicit processes are often involved even in ostensibly implicit neurofeedback tasks with explicit goals.
Current methods for measuring awareness in neurofeedback may be insufficient.

Conclusions:

Awareness is integral to most current implicit neurofeedback tasks.
Improved measurement of awareness is crucial for understanding neurofeedback learning mechanisms.
Future neurofeedback task design can be informed by a better understanding of awareness.