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Updated: Dec 9, 2025
Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
Published on: April 28, 2016
Infants exposed to antibiotics after birth have altered recognition memory responses at one month of age
Marie K Hickey1, Neely C Miller2, Jacob Haapala3
1Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. hick0245@umn.edu.
Insights
Early antibiotic exposure in infants alters auditory processing and recognition memory, suggesting a gut-brain connection. This finding impacts the care of infants exposed to microbiome-disrupting factors.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Microbiology
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Neonatal antibiotic exposure, without infection, is linked to abnormal learning and memory in animals, with changes in gut microbes.
- The impact of early-life antibiotic exposure on human brain function remains largely unknown.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effects of early-life antibiotic exposure on auditory processing and recognition memory in human infants.
- To explore the potential role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in early human development.
Main Methods:
- Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to assess recognition memory in 1-month-old infants.
- 15 infants exposed to antibiotics (negative cultures) and 57 unexposed infants were compared.
- Linear regression analysis examined ERP features related to voice processing and discrimination.
Main Results:
- Antibiotic-exposed infants showed smaller P2 amplitudes for both mother's and stranger's voices (p < 0.001).
- Greatest reductions in P2 amplitude were observed for mother's voice in frontal and central scalp regions (p < 0.04).
- Antibiotic-exposed infants exhibited a reversed response pattern, with larger P2 amplitudes to stranger's voice compared to mother's voice.
Conclusions:
- Early antibiotic exposure in infants is associated with altered auditory processing and recognition memory responses.
- These findings support the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis influencing human brain development during early life.
- The study highlights implications for managing infants exposed to gut microbiome-disrupting factors.
Background:
Neonatal exposure to antibiotics, in the absence of infection, results in abnormal learning and memory in animals and is linked to changes in gut microbes. The relevance of early-life antibiotic exposure to brain function in humans is not known.
Methods:
Recognition memory was assessed at 1 month of age in 15 term-born infants exposed to antibiotics (with negative cultures) and 57 unexposed infants using event-related potentials (ERPs). Linear regression analysis, adjusting for covariates, was employed to compare groups with respect to ERP features representing early stimulus processing (P2 amplitude) and discrimination between mother and stranger voices.
Results:
Infants exposed to antibiotics exhibited smaller P2 amplitudes for both voice conditions (p = 0.001), with greatest reductions observed for mother's voice in frontal and central scalp regions (p < 0.04). Infants exposed to antibiotics showed larger P2 amplitudes to stranger's as compared to mother's voice, a reversal of the typical response exhibited by unexposed infants. Abnormal ERP responses did not consistently correlate with increased inflammatory cytokines within the antibiotic-exposed group.
Conclusions:
Otherwise healthy infants exposed to antibiotics soon after birth demonstrated altered auditory processing and recognition memory responses, supporting the possibility of a microbiota-gut-brain axis in humans during early life.
Impact:
Infants exposed to antibiotics after birth demonstrate altered auditory processing and recognition memory responses at 1 month of age. Preclinical models support a role for gut microbiomes in modulating brain function and behavior, particularly in developing brains. This study is one of the first to explore the relevance of these findings for human infants. The findings of this study have implications for the management and follow-up of at-risk infants with exposure to gut-microbiome disrupting factors and lay foundation for future studies to further characterize the short- and long-term effects of gut microbiome perturbation on brain development.
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