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Related Concept Videos

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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JCL roundtable: Low-carbohydrate diets.

Jackie L Boucher1, Carol F Kirkpatrick2, David S Ludwig3

  • 1President of Children's HeartLink, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
|September 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low- and very-low-carbohydrate diets are gaining recognition for their potential health benefits. Experts discuss current evidence, the carbohydrate-insulin model, and practical applications in nutrition counseling.

Keywords:
carbohydrate-insulin modelketogenic dietlow carbohydrate diets

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Dietary Interventions
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • Growing popular interest in low- and very-low-carbohydrate diets globally.
  • Recognition of potential benefits by major health organizations like the American Diabetes Association and National Lipid Association.
  • Incomplete but emerging scientific evidence supporting these dietary approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the evidence base for low-carbohydrate diets.
  • To explore their current role in nutrition practice.
  • To identify areas requiring further scientific investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Expert roundtable discussion involving three clinicians.
  • Presentation of the carbohydrate-insulin model as a potential explanation for dietary effectiveness.
  • Review of existing scientific literature and clinical experience.

Main Results:

  • Discussion highlights the ongoing development of scientific evidence for low-carbohydrate diets.
  • The carbohydrate-insulin model is presented as a key hypothesis for understanding diet efficacy.
  • Expert consensus on the need for further research.

Conclusions:

  • Low-carbohydrate diets are increasingly supported by scientific evidence and expert opinion.
  • The carbohydrate-insulin model offers a framework for understanding their impact on obesity.
  • Clinicians can incorporate low-carbohydrate principles into counseling with practical guidance provided.