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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
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Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

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A Case of a Missing Proximal Humerus.

Jessica Lynn Williams1, Steven M Hochman1

  • 1Saint Joseph's University Medical Center, Emergency Department, Paterson, New Jersey.

Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine
|September 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A small bone lesion in the upper arm can rapidly worsen without medical follow-up, potentially indicating advanced cancer. This case highlights healthcare access issues in underserved communities, impacting timely diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Limited access to specialty care affects underserved populations.
  • Patients often rely on emergency departments for initial diagnosis.
  • Lack of follow-up care can lead to disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the rapid progression of a proximal humerus lesion.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges in patients with limited healthcare access.
  • To underscore the impact of social determinants on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Case presentation of a patient with a proximal humerus lesion.
  • Review of the patient's diagnostic and treatment pathway.
  • Analysis of healthcare access barriers.

Main Results:

  • A small radiolucency in the proximal humerus progressed significantly within months.
  • The patient was ultimately diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma metastasis.
  • The tumor completely obliterated the affected bone.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed diagnosis due to lack of follow-up can lead to severe complications.
  • Healthcare access disparities significantly impact patient health outcomes.
  • Addressing social issues is crucial for improving healthcare delivery.