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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
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Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...
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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Introduction to AEDAn Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a portable medical device that analyzes the heart's rhythm and, if necessary, delivers an electrical shock to help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). SCA occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating, leading to a loss of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. In such emergencies, time is of the essence, and using an AED, combined with Cardiopulmonary...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine
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Spaced learning versus massed learning in resuscitation - A systematic review.

J Yeung1, T Djarv2, M J Hsieh3

  • 1Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.

Resuscitation
|September 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Spaced learning may improve resuscitation skills up to one year after training, but evidence quality is very low. More research is needed on clinical outcomes and layperson effectiveness.

Keywords:
EducationSystematic reviewTraining

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Resuscitation Training
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Skill decay is a significant challenge in resuscitation training.
  • Spaced learning is a potential intervention to enhance skill retention compared to massed learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review evidence on the effectiveness of spaced learning versus massed learning in resuscitation courses.
  • To evaluate impacts on educational outcomes (skill retention, performance, knowledge) and clinical outcomes (patient survival).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library.
  • Inclusion of randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies, with data extraction and quality assessment by two independent reviewers.
  • Assessment of risk of bias and quality of evidence using RoB, ROBINS-I, and GRADEpro.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen studies (13 randomized, 4 cohort) were included, focusing on basic, pediatric, and neonatal life support.
  • Fifteen studies reported improved performance with spaced learning, particularly for skill performance between 1 year post-training and course conclusion.
  • Overall evidence certainty was very low due to high risk of bias and significant heterogeneity, precluding meta-analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Spaced learning shows potential for improving skill performance in resuscitation training up to one year post-course.
  • Significant data gaps exist regarding clinical resuscitation performance, patient survival outcomes, and effectiveness in laypeople.
  • Further high-quality research is essential to confirm these findings and address current limitations.