Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

732
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
732
Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications01:28

Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications

404
Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications are employed in treating hypertension. The most commonly recommended first-line treatments include:Thiazide Diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increase sodium and water excretion from the body, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, like lisinopril, block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, a potent vasoconstrictor lowering blood pressure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) prevent angiotensin II...
404
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

124
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
124
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

1.8K
Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
1.8K
Hypertension V: Nursing Management01:23

Hypertension V: Nursing Management

222
The nursing management of hypertension involves accurately assessing symptoms, making a comprehensive nursing diagnosis, collaborating with patients to set goals, and implementing targeted interventions to mitigate the condition's impact and improve patient well-being.Comprehensive AssessmentThe initial step in nursing care for hypertension involves a thorough patient assessment. It includes evaluating symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and previous hypertension episodes.
222
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

2.1K
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

DigitAb: Domain-Adaptive Cell Type Prediction Method from Light Microscopy Images.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Spatially Resolved Banff Tubulitis and Glomerulitis Scoring in Kidney Allograft Biopsies via Artificial Intelligent -Based Structure Segmentation and Spatial Transcriptomics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Not all reference samples are equal in single-cell transcriptomics of human kidney tissue.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

A transcriptional patient map of systemic lupus erythematosus reveals disease-related multicellular immune programs conserved between blood and kidney.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A MEF2C transcription factor network regulates proliferation of glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic kidney disease.

Kidney international·2026
Same author

Hypoxia inducible factor network reflects kidney disease progression in diabetes and sodium-glucose co-transporters inhibition.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

3.8K

Genotype-Guided Hydralazine Therapy.

Kimberly S Collins1, Anthony L J Raviele1, Amanda L Elchynski2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

American Journal of Nephrology
|September 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) slow acetylator status impacts hydralazine effectiveness and side effects in resistant hypertension. Genotype-guided therapy can personalize hydralazine dosing for safer, more effective treatment.

Keywords:
HydralazineN-acetyltransferase 2PharmacogeneticsResistant hypertension

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Exploring Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction as an Antihypertensive Drug
05:57

Author Spotlight: Exploring Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction as an Antihypertensive Drug

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.0K
Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
09:23

Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Published on: February 11, 2017

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

3.8K
Author Spotlight: Exploring Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction as an Antihypertensive Drug
05:57

Author Spotlight: Exploring Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction as an Antihypertensive Drug

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.0K
Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
09:23

Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Published on: February 11, 2017

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hydralazine hydrochloride remains crucial for resistant hypertension management.
  • Its metabolism is influenced by the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme.
  • Approximately 50% of the population are slow acetylators, affecting drug response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the link between NAT2 genotype and phenotype.
  • To assess evidence for genotype-guided hydralazine therapy.
  • To examine associations between NAT2 acetylator status and hydralazine pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies investigating NAT2 genotype-phenotype concordance.
  • Analysis of studies correlating NAT2 acetylator status with hydralazine pharmacokinetics.
  • Evaluation of evidence linking acetylator status to hydralazine antihypertensive efficacy and lupus risk.

Main Results:

  • High concordance (92%) between NAT2 genotype and phenotype observed across 29 studies.
  • Significant association between acetylator status and hydralazine concentration in 14 of 15 studies.
  • Evidence suggests links between acetylator status and hydralazine efficacy (7/9 studies) and hydralazine-induced lupus (5 studies).

Conclusions:

  • NAT2 slow acetylator status predicts higher hydralazine levels, potentially increasing efficacy and adverse effects.
  • Caution is advised for slow acetylators at doses ≥200 mg/day; fast acetylators may experience inefficacy at lower doses.
  • NAT2 genotype guidance enables personalized hydralazine dosing for safer, more effective resistant hypertension treatment.