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Sympathetic nerves control bacterial clearance.

Yugeesh R Lankadeva1, Clive N May1, Michael J McKinley1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disrupting the splanchnic sympathetic nerves enhances the immune response to bacterial infection. This nerve pathway normally limits inflammation, but cutting it improves bacterial clearance and recovery in sheep.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Disease Immunology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Regulation

Background:

  • The splanchnic sympathetic nervous system regulates systemic inflammation via a negative feedback loop.
  • The impact of this neural reflex on host defense during live bacterial infection remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the splanchnic sympathetic nerves in modulating the host response to intravenous *E. coli* infection in sheep.
  • To determine if interrupting this neural pathway affects inflammatory markers and bacterial clearance.

Main Methods:

  • Conscious sheep underwent either bilateral splanchnic nerve section or a sham operation one month prior to infection.
  • Animals were intravenously infected with live *E. coli* and monitored for 48 hours.
  • Systemic inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) and bacterial levels (blood cultures) were assessed sequentially.

Main Results:

  • Sheep with splanchnic nerve section exhibited a heightened inflammatory response, characterized by increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • In contrast, sham-operated sheep maintained high levels of circulating *E. coli* throughout the study.
  • Sheep lacking splanchnic nerves rapidly cleared bacteremia and showed clinical recovery.

Conclusions:

  • The sympathetic inflammatory reflex significantly influences the body's ability to clear systemic bacterial infections.
  • Disruption of the splanchnic sympathetic nerves enhances bacterial clearance and improves outcomes during *E. coli* infection.
  • These findings highlight the critical role of neural regulation in host defense against pathogens.