Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

1.9K

Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
1.9K
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

820
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
820
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

1.4K
Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
1.4K
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

692
Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
692
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

2.4K
Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral...
2.4K
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

692
Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
692

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An occasion for reflection: Pavlovian modulation of conditioned responding by interoceptive drug stimuli.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026
Same author

An examination of the interaction between the interoceptive and reinforcing properties of morphine: a self-administration study in male and female rats.

Psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

We must look beyond primary reinforcement to understand nicotine use in women.

Frontiers in neuroendocrinology·2026
Same author

The nicotine paradox: Weak primary reinforcer, strong enhancer.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics·2025
Same author

Contraceptive hormone ethinyl estradiol but not levonorgestrel modulates the role of reinforcer-enhancement in nicotine self-administration in ovary-intact female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Neuropharmacology·2025
Same author

Topographical Organization of Prefrontal Cortex and Adjacent Areas Projections to the Dorsomedial Caudate-Putamen in Rats: A Retrograde Tracing Study.

Brain sciences·2025
Same journal

Prenatal Exposure to High- but Not Low-Molecular-Weight Poly(I:C) Produces Selective Sociability Deficits in Offspring.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Understanding vulnerability through variability: a longitudinal twin study linking sex differences in neurodiversity, neurodevelopment and X-linked genetic mechanisms.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Hippocampal plasticity predicts behavioral lateralization and stress resilience in laying hen chicks.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Effects of retatrutide on learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rats.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Bacopa-enriched formulation enhances memory and synaptic plasticity in a rat model of vascular dementia.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Prior exposure to methylphenidate attenuates ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in zebrafish.

Behavioural brain research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats
12:44

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

13.6K

Varenicline rescues nicotine-induced decrease in motivation for sucrose reinforcement.

Erin Hart1, Daniel Hertia1, Scott T Barrett2

  • 1University of New Hampshire, Department of Psychology, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, United States.

Behavioural Brain Research
|September 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Varenicline, a smoking cessation aid, may counteract nicotine

Keywords:
Economic demandNicotineNicotine cessationNicotine useVarenicline

More Related Videos

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
07:50

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Published on: January 29, 2017

10.0K
A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats
12:44

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

13.6K
A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
07:50

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Published on: January 29, 2017

10.0K
A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Varenicline is a key medication for smoking cessation.
  • Combined use of nicotine and varenicline's impact on motivation is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how nicotine and varenicline affect motivation for food rewards.
  • To assess the interaction between nicotine and varenicline on reward-seeking behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral economics approach to measure demand for sucrose.
  • Progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement to assess motivation.
  • Passive consumption tests in rats.

Main Results:

  • Nicotine reduced the economic demand for sucrose.
  • Varenicline reversed nicotine's effect on sucrose demand.
  • Prior varenicline exposure altered subsequent motivation for sucrose.

Conclusions:

  • Varenicline may restore motivation for rewards diminished by nicotine.
  • Findings suggest varenicline modulates nicotine's impact on the reward system.