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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Cell death signalling in virus infection.

Gergely Imre1

  • 1Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.

Cellular Signalling
|September 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Viruses can trigger regulated cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis) to control infection or harm the host. Understanding these complex cell death pathways is crucial for antiviral strategies.

Keywords:
ApoptosisCell deathInfectionNecroptosisPyroptosisVirus

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are key regulated cell death pathways.
  • Necroptosis and pyroptosis cause membrane rupture and inflammation, unlike apoptosis which preserves membrane integrity.
  • Viruses employ diverse strategies to infect cells and interact with host immune responses, including cell death induction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of virus-induced cell death in host defense and viral pathogenesis.
  • To explore how viruses manipulate host cell death pathways for propagation or immune evasion.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cell death signaling networks during viral infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and viral interactions.
  • Analysis of host-pathogen interactions focusing on cell death mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on viral manipulation of cell death pathways.

Main Results:

  • Virus-induced cell death can be a host defense mechanism to limit viral replication.
  • Viruses can also exploit cell death pathways to damage the host immune system or promote viral spread.
  • Viruses utilize anti-cell death proteins or hijack lytic cell death pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Virus-induced cell death presents both benefits and drawbacks for the host organism.
  • The outcome of virus-induced cell death depends on the specific virus-host interaction and signaling pathways involved.
  • Further research into these complex networks is essential for developing effective antiviral therapies.