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Upper Lip Horizontal Line: Characteristics of a Dynamic Facial Line
Alexander D Vardimon1, Nir Shpack1, Atalia Wasserstein1
1Department of Orthodontics, the Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|September 16, 2020
Summary
The upper lip horizontal line (ULHL) appears in 13.8% of people, predominantly females, and is linked to a shorter upper lip and gummy smile, not age or malocclusion.
Area of Science:
- Dentistry
- Plastic Surgery
- Facial Aesthetics
Background:
- Upper lip appearance is crucial in aesthetic and reconstructive procedures.
- Dynamic lines, like the upper lip horizontal line (ULHL), influence perceived facial aesthetics.
- Understanding ULHL characteristics is vital for treatment planning in lip augmentation and rhinoplasty.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence and characteristics of the upper lip horizontal line (ULHL).
- To investigate the relationship between ULHL and gender, aging, malocclusion, and facial morphology.
Main Methods:
- Prevalence and gender distribution of ULHL assessed in 643 patients via standardized en-face smile imaging.
- Cephalometric and dental cast analyses performed on 97 patients across three age groups.
Main Results:
- ULHL observed in 13.8% of the population, significantly more prevalent in females (78%).
- No correlation found between ULHL, age, or malocclusion.
- ULHL associated with a shorter upper lip, deeper lip sulcus, longer mid-face, shorter lower facial height, and gummy smile.
Conclusions:
- Female patients with specific facial features (short, concave upper lip, gummy smile) are more prone to ULHL.
- ULHL is identifiable across all ages, from children to adults.
- Consideration of ULHL is recommended in treatments involving the upper lip.
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