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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
2.7K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

15.1K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
15.1K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

7.0K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
7.0K
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

5.1K
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Oxidation induced restructuring of Rh-Ga SCALMS model catalyst systems.

Haiko Wittkämper1, Sven Maisel2, Mingjian Wu3

  • 1Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 16, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supported rhodium-gallium (Rh-Ga) catalysts form a protective gallium oxide shell upon oxidation. This shell enriches Rh, enhancing catalytic activity and stability for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Supported liquid metal solutions are emerging as promising catalysts.
  • Rhodium-gallium (Rh-Ga) alloys show potential for catalytic applications.
  • Understanding alloy oxidation is crucial for catalyst stability and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the oxidation behavior of Rh-Ga alloy droplets and nanoparticles.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of Rh incorporation into gallium oxide shells.
  • To correlate structural changes with catalytic properties.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) under various pressure conditions.
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural analysis.
  • Ab initio molecular dynamics and computational modeling.

Main Results:

  • Oxidation of Rh-Ga alloys forms a Rh-enriched gallium oxide shell.
  • TEM confirmed a ~4 nm thick gallium oxide film containing Rh on nanoparticles.
  • Computational studies revealed Rh substitutes Ga in the Ga2O3 lattice.

Conclusions:

  • Rh-Ga catalysts form a protective, Rh-enriched oxide shell during oxidation.
  • This shell structure is key to the stability and potential activity of these catalysts.
  • Rh incorporation occurs via substitution in the gallium oxide structure.