Structure-based inhibitors targeting the alpha-helical domain of the Spiroplasma melliferum histone-like HU protein

Here we report bisphenol derivatives of fluorene (BDFs) as a new type of chemical probes targeting a histone-like HU protein, a global regulator of bacterial nucleoids, via its dimerization interface perturbation. BDFs were identified by virtual screening and molecular docking that targeted the core of DNA-binding β-saddle-like domain of the HU protein from Spiroplasma melliferum. However, NMR spectroscopy, complemented with molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis, indicated that the actual site of the inhibitors' intervention consists of residues from the α-helical domain of one monomer and the side portion of the DNA-binding domain of another monomer. BDFs inhibited DNA-binding properties of HU proteins from mycoplasmas S. melliferum, Mycoplasma gallicepticum and Escherichia coli with half-maximum inhibitory concentrations in the range between 5 and 10 µM. In addition, BDFs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against mycoplasma species, but not against E. coli, which is consistent with the compensatory role of other nucleoid-associated proteins in the higher bacteria. Further evaluation of antimicrobial effects of BDFs against various bacteria and viruses will reveal their pharmacological potential, and the allosteric inhibition mode reported here, which avoids direct competition for the binding site with DNA, should be considered in the development of small molecule inhibitors of nucleoid-associated proteins as well as other types of DNA-binding multimeric proteins.