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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
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The crystallography of Pluto.

Christoph G Salzmann1, Alexander Rosu-Finsen1

  • 1University College London, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.

Iucrj
|September 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied Pluto's main minerals using neutron diffraction. These findings enhance our understanding of the distant planet's geology and the new field of small-molecule geology.

Keywords:
Plutomethaneneutron diffractionnitrogenphase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Mineralogy
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Pluto's surface is primarily composed of nitrogen and methane ices.
  • Understanding the structural properties of these minerals is crucial for interpreting Pluto's geological history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural properties of Pluto's abundant minerals, nitrogen and methane.
  • To utilize neutron diffraction to gain insights into mineral behavior under relevant conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron diffraction was employed to analyze the crystalline structures of nitrogen and methane.
  • Experimental conditions were designed to simulate environments relevant to Pluto's geology.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural data for nitrogen and methane were obtained.
  • The study provides new insights into how these minerals form and behave on Pluto.

Conclusions:

  • The findings are essential for understanding the geology of Pluto.
  • This research advances the emerging field of small-molecule geology, with implications for other icy bodies.