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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

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Early origin and global colonisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Pakorn Aiewsakun1,2, Nakarin Pamornchainavakul3, Chaidate Inchaisri4

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. pakorn.aie@mahidol.ac.th.

Scientific Reports
|September 18, 2020
PubMed

Insights

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) originated earlier than previously thought, potentially in the Middle Ages. Genomic analysis reveals recombination is key to FMDV evolution and spread.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a significant threat to livestock globally.
  • Understanding FMDV's evolutionary history and origins is crucial for effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the early origin and transmission routes of FMDV.
  • To analyze the evolutionary dynamics of FMDV using genomic and epidemiological data.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled 84 years (1934-2017) of FMDV genomic and epidemiological data.
  • Performed comprehensive phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses.
  • Investigated recombination patterns and evolutionary rates of different genomic regions.

Main Results:

  • Recombination is a significant factor in FMDV evolution.
  • Structural and non-structural protein-coding regions exhibit distinct evolutionary histories and rates.
  • The most recent common ancestor of FMDV dates to the Middle Ages, 200-300 years earlier than previously estimated.
  • Ancestors of Euro-Asiatic and SAT strains originated in the mid-17th and mid-15th to mid-16th centuries, respectively.
  • Mediterranean regions are implicated as an early geographical origin.

Conclusions:

  • FMDV has a longer evolutionary history than previously recognized, originating in the Middle Ages.
  • Distinct evolutionary pathways exist for different FMDV genomic components.
  • Mediterranean areas likely served as an early hub for FMDV emergence and subsequent global dissemination.

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