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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Bacterial Protein Maturation01:26

Bacterial Protein Maturation

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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

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Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking
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Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

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Bacterial virulence mediated by orthogonal post-translational modification.

Kaitlin A Chambers1, Rebecca A Scheck2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial pathogens use novel

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Bacterial pathogens deliver effector proteins into host cells to disrupt host functions and promote infection.
  • Some effectors employ unique chemical reactions, termed orthogonal post-translational modifications (oPTMs), not found in mammalian cells.
  • These oPTMs target host proteins, altering their function and cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse chemistry of bacterial effector-mediated orthogonal post-translational modifications (oPTMs).
  • To highlight the cellular targets and biological consequences of these oPTMs.
  • To underscore the potential of oPTMs for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bacterial effector proteins and their enzymatic activities.

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A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking
11:33

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

Published on: December 17, 2013

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A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
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  • Profiling of known oPTM chemistries, including acetylation, phosphate β-elimination, ubiquitination, deamidation, phosphocholination, methylation, N-acetylglucosaminylation, ADP-ribosylation, and AMPylation.
  • Analysis of identified host protein targets and their functional alterations.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed characterization of eight distinct oPTM chemistries employed by bacterial effectors.
    • Identification of specific host proteins and pathways modulated by these oPTMs.
    • Discussion of AMPylation as a recently recognized orthogonal modification.

    Conclusions:

    • Orthogonal post-translational modifications represent a sophisticated mechanism for bacterial pathogens to manipulate host cells.
    • Understanding oPTMs provides insights into host-pathogen interactions and infection mechanisms.
    • oPTMs offer potential avenues for developing novel therapeutics and diagnostics.