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Electrical weapons and rhabdomyolysis.

Mark W Kroll1, Klaus K Witte2, Mollie B Ritter3

  • 1University of Minnesota, Box 23, Crystal Bay, MN, 55323, USA. mark@kroll.name.

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Conducted electrical weapon (CEW) exposure did not cause significant muscle damage or inflammation markers. Studies show no biomarker evidence of rhabdomyolysis following CEW use.

Keywords:
Alkaline phosphataseC-reactive proteinCEWElectrical weaponLactate dehydrogenaseMyoglobinRhabdomyolysisTaser®

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic pathology
  • Emergency medicine
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Concerns exist regarding potential muscle injury, including rhabdomyolysis and inflammation, from conducted electrical weapon (CEW) use.
  • Previous research has not definitively established the impact of CEW exposure on specific biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that CEW application causes muscle injury and acute inflammatory responses.
  • To assess changes in circulating inflammatory and muscle damage markers after CEW exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 29 volunteers exposed to a 5-second TASER® X26(E) CEW discharge.
  • Blood samples were collected pre-exposure, 5 minutes post-exposure, and 24 hours post-exposure.
  • Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), myoglobin, and other muscle/liver enzymes were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • No significant changes in most biomarkers were observed immediately or 24 hours post-exposure, with no biomarker evidence of rhabdomyolysis.
  • Transient, non-significant decreases in uncorrected CRP and myoglobin were noted immediately after exposure.
  • A significant decrease in CRP was observed at 24 hours, and a minor decrease in ALP was noted at 24 hours compared to baseline.

Conclusions:

  • Full-trunk CEW exposure did not induce clinically significant elevations in acute phase proteins or markers of muscle cellular injury.
  • The study found no biomarker evidence to support rhabdomyolysis following CEW application.
  • Further research may be warranted to explore long-term or sub-clinical effects, if any.