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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Plakins are large proteins with binding domains for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and membrane-associated protein complexes at cell junctions. Plakin functions are evolutionarily conserved and are primarily involved in organizing the different components of the cytoskeleton by crosslinking them to each other and connecting them to the cell-matrix and cell adhesion complexes. They are also known to interact with signal transducers, serve as scaffolds for signaling...
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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of either alpha helices or beta sheets and, in rare cases, a mix of both. The amino acids in the primary structure often consist of repeating amino acid sequences. The role of fibrous proteins is primarily structural. Many are located in the extracellular matrix and are present in connective tissues to impart strength and joint mobility. They are...
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Perlecan, a modular instructive proteoglycan with diverse functional properties.

James Melrose1

  • 1Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perlecan, a proteoglycan, plays diverse roles in tissue development and disease. Its fragments show potential as anti-cancer agents and regulate vascular tone and bone homeostasis.

Keywords:
CartilageHeparan sulphateIntervertebral discMatricryptinPerlecanRepair biologyTissue morphogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Perlecan is a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan with five functional domains.
  • It is involved in tissue morphogenesis and is susceptible to protease fragmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review new aspects of the modular proteoglycan perlecan.
  • To highlight its diverse functions in development, pathology, and homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of perlecan's structure, function, and interactions.
  • Analysis of perlecan's role in various physiological and pathological processes.

Main Results:

  • Perlecan fragments from domains IV and V have implications in prostate cancer grading and angiogenesis.
  • Domain V fragments interact with integrins, influencing cell migration and vascular repair.
  • Perlecan acts as a flow sensor in blood vessels and bone, regulating vascular tone and osteocyte function.

Conclusions:

  • Perlecan exhibits diverse functional roles beyond its structural contribution.
  • Its fragments represent potential therapeutic targets for cancer and vascular diseases.
  • Perlecan's mechanosensory functions are critical for vascular and bone homeostasis.