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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury
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Emotional Traumatic Brain Injury.

Lisa M Shulman1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology : Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI) should expand to include emotional trauma. Recognizing emotional TBI alongside physical TBI offers a more comprehensive understanding of brain injury and its effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • The definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has evolved to include mild TBI and postconcussive syndrome.
  • Current definitions struggle to differentiate physical TBI from emotional trauma in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Advances in neurobiology necessitate a broader understanding of brain injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a redefinition of TBI that incorporates both physical and emotional trauma.
  • To address the diagnostic challenges arising from overlapping symptoms and effects of physical and emotional trauma.
  • To highlight the shared neuropathological and systemic consequences of physical and emotional TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of stress neurobiology and brain injury at multiple levels (macroscopic to molecular).
  • Analysis of overlapping neuropathological findings (e.g., hippocampal volume reduction).
  • Examination of functional neuroimaging (fMRI) data showing similar regional activations for physical and emotional pain.
  • Assessment of shared systemic effects, including hormonal and inflammatory mediators.

Main Results:

  • Conceptualizing TBI as a spectrum with physical and emotional causation resolves diagnostic tangles.
  • Emotional trauma, through stress hormone action, can cause neurogenesis reduction, dendritic atrophy, and cognitive impairment.
  • Neuropathology, fMRI studies, and systemic sequelae demonstrate overlapping effects of physical and emotional trauma.
  • Evidence supports emotional TBI as a comorbid cause of brain injury, not merely a confound.

Conclusions:

  • The definition of TBI should be expanded to encompass emotional TBI.
  • Including both physical and emotional trauma strengthens the TBI definition.
  • This expanded definition acknowledges diverse and overlapping brain injuries with significant physical and mental health implications.