Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

25.0K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
25.0K
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

64.5K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
64.5K
Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

7.2K
The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
7.2K
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

72.8K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
72.8K
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

7.8K
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
7.8K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

15.5K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
15.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural characterization of human neutralizing antibodies against JC and BK polyomaviruses.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Structural basis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 neutralization by a GP4-targeting monoclonal antibody.

The Journal of general virology·2026
Same author

Augmenting hepatitis C E1E2 glycoprotein antibody detection via an alternative lectin-assisted mannose-binding ELISA.

Virology·2026
Same author

Architecture and evolution of viral complement evasion.

Current opinion in virology·2026
Same author

Lipoprotein receptors in hepatitis C virus entry - a structural view.

Current opinion in virology·2026
Same author

Design and Analysis of Novel HEV Vaccine Variants and Evaluation of Two Selected Candidates in a Porcine Infection Model.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Detection of Neutralization-sensitive Epitopes in Antigens Displayed on Virus-Like Particle VLP-Based Vaccines Using a Capture Assay
05:15

Detection of Neutralization-sensitive Epitopes in Antigens Displayed on Virus-Like Particle VLP-Based Vaccines Using a Capture Assay

Published on: February 10, 2022

4.0K

HCV Glycoprotein Structure and Implications for B-Cell Vaccine Development.

Luisa J Ströh1, Thomas Krey1,2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Developing a Hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine is crucial for global health. This review examines structural features of HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 to guide the design of effective vaccines against this persistent viral infection.

Keywords:
Hepatitis C virusglycoproteinnAbsneutralization epitopeneutralizing antibodiesvaccine

More Related Videos

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
13:00

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

2.6K
Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Detection of Neutralization-sensitive Epitopes in Antigens Displayed on Virus-Like Particle VLP-Based Vaccines Using a Capture Assay
05:15

Detection of Neutralization-sensitive Epitopes in Antigens Displayed on Virus-Like Particle VLP-Based Vaccines Using a Capture Assay

Published on: February 10, 2022

4.0K
Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
13:00

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

2.6K
Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant global health challenge despite available treatments.
  • Development of an HCV vaccine is essential for disease control.
  • HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 present challenges for vaccine design due to genetic variability, glycosylation, and immune evasion strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural features of HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2.
  • To understand the interaction between neutralizing antibodies and viral epitopes.
  • To provide insights for the rational design of an effective HCV vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of X-ray structures of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody fragments complexed with recombinant E2 or linear peptides.
  • Focus on the CD81 receptor binding site on E2 and its constituent segments.
  • Review of structural characterization of neutralization epitopes.

Main Results:

  • The CD81 receptor binding site on E2 includes "epitope I", "epitope II", and the "CD81 binding loop".
  • Structural data reveals how neutralizing antibodies bind to specific epitopes on HCV glycoproteins.
  • Glycosylation and decoy epitopes contribute to immune evasion.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the structural basis of antibody recognition is key to designing an HCV vaccine.
  • Targeting conserved neutralization epitopes within the CD81 binding site on E2 may be a viable vaccine strategy.
  • Further structural and immunological studies are needed to overcome HCV vaccine development hurdles.