Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
Published on: May 10, 2017
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Intractable Raynaud Phenomenon
Jose E Gallegos1, Dani C Inglesby1, Zachary T Young2
1College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
Abstract:
Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a condition causing vasospasm in the fingers and toes of patients that can have a significant negative impact on quality of life. This can lead to pain, ulceration, and possible loss of digits. Several pharmacological options are available for treatment. However, RP can often be refractory to traditional modalities, leaving surgery or injections as the next available options. This article provides a review and update on the use of botulinum toxin as an effective therapy for the treatment of RP refractory to medical management.
Related Concept Videos
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses
Antianginal Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine
CCBs, a diverse class that includes dihydropyridines (nifedipine) and diphenylalkylamines (verapamil and diltiazem), exert their effect by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
One of the advantages of...
Angina IV: Management
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...

