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Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Cognition in some surprising places.

Arthur S Reber1, František Baluška2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
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PubMed
Summary

Consciousness may have evolved with the first life, not late in evolution. The Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model proposes all organisms are sentient, with feelings guiding survival behaviors.

Keywords:
Cellular basis of consciousnessEvolutionary biologyFloraOrigins of consciousnessProkaryotes

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Area of Science:

  • Biopsychology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The prevailing view posits consciousness emerged late in evolution (Cambrian period).
  • This contrasts with the idea that subjective experience has a much longer evolutionary history, dating back to the origin of life.
  • William James's perspective suggested a deeper evolutionary root for consciousness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model.
  • To challenge the late-evolutionary emergence of consciousness.
  • To posit that sentience and life are coterminous, with cellular activities underpinning subjective experience.

Main Methods:

  • The study is theoretical, presenting a model based on cellular activities.
  • It advocates for reductionistic, mechanistic, and bottom-up research approaches.
  • Focuses on inherent cellular processes in excitable membranes.

Main Results:

  • The CBC model suggests all organisms are sentient due to cellular activities.
  • Sentience and subjective experiences are proposed to guide context-relevant survival behaviors.
  • This framework offers a new perspective on the evolutionary origin of biological consciousness.

Conclusions:

  • Life and sentience are proposed to be coterminous.
  • Cellular processes in excitable membranes are fundamental to subjective experience and consciousness.
  • The CBC model necessitates bottom-up research to explore the evolutionary trajectory of consciousness.