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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Impedance Monitoring for Cochlear Implant Surgery
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Level coding by phase duration and asymmetric pulse shape reduce channel interactions in cochlear implants.

Gunnar Lennart Quass1, Peter Baumhoff2, Dan Gnansia3

  • 1Institute for AudioNeuroTechnology (VIANNA), ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4All" (EXC 2177).

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|September 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Using phase duration instead of amplitude for loudness coding in cochlear implants (CIs) with pseudomonophasic stimuli may reduce neural excitation spread and channel interactions, potentially improving speech understanding for CI users.

Keywords:
Channel interactionsCochlear implantsLoudness codingPulse symmetrySpread of excitation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Auditory Science

Background:

  • Conventional loudness coding in cochlear implants (CIs) uses pulse current amplitude, which increases excitation spread and channel interactions at higher levels.
  • This spread limits the number of distinct information channels perceivable by CI users.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if loudness coding via pulse phase duration, combined with pseudomonophasic stimuli, reduces excitation spread and channel interactions compared to conventional amplitude coding.
  • To assess the impact of this coding strategy on neural activity and channel interference in the auditory nerve.

Main Methods:

  • Acute deafening and cochlear implant surgery in 16 guinea pigs.
  • Recording neural activity from the inferior colliculus while stimulating with biphasic, amplitude-coded pulses versus pseudomonophasic, duration- or amplitude-coded pulses.
  • Quantifying excitation spread and channel interactions using phase-locking measurements at various stimulation levels.

Main Results:

  • Pseudomonophasic stimuli with phase duration loudness coding reduced lowest response thresholds and spread of excitation.
  • Channel interactions were reduced by 4-5% with pseudomonophasic, phase-duration coding compared to biphasic pulses.
  • The beneficial effect of pseudomonophasic stimuli was distance-dependent, observed with amplitude coding only in the basal cochlea.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudomonophasic, phase-duration-coded stimuli offer a slight reduction in channel interactions.
  • This coding strategy shows potential for enhancing speech understanding in cochlear implant users by improving spectral resolution.