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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
Published on: November 22, 2014
Engineering natural and noncanonical nicotinamide cofactor-dependent enzymes: design principles and technology
Edward King1, Sarah Maxel2, Han Li2
1Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
Abstract:
Nicotinamide cofactors enable oxidoreductases to catalyze a myriad of important reactions in biomanufacturing. Decades of research has focused on optimizing enzymes which utilize natural nicotinamide cofactors, namely nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+). Recent findings reignite the interest in engineering enzymes to utilize noncanonical cofactors, the mimetics of NAD+ (mNADs), which exhibit superior industrial properties in vitro and enable specific electron delivery in vivo. We compare recent advances in engineering natural versus noncanonical cofactor-utilizing enzymes, discuss design principles discovered, and survey emerging high-throughput platforms beyond the traditional 96-well plate-based methods. Obtaining mNAD-dependent enzymes remains challenging with a limited toolkit. To this end, we highlight design principles and technologies which can potentially be translated from engineering natural to noncanonical cofactor-dependent enzymes.
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