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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
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The development of auditory functions.

Benoît Jutras1, Josée Lagacé2, Amineh Koravand2

  • 1School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Université de Montréal, Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Auditory system development, from the ear to the brain, is crucial for speech and language. Early sound exposure shapes the central auditory nervous system, while its absence hinders development.

Keywords:
Auditory abilitiesAuditory perceptionAuditory systemChildDevelopmentInfant

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Audiology

Background:

  • Auditory system development is critical for speech, language, and auditory skill acquisition.
  • The peripheral auditory system is mature at birth, but the central auditory system undergoes prolonged development.
  • Sound experience is fundamental for auditory development, impacting neuronal maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the developmental stages of auditory system structures, including human ear embryology.
  • To present the typical developmental trajectories of auditory abilities from infancy to school age.
  • To highlight the impact of acoustic stimulation on central auditory nervous system maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of embryological development of the human ear.
  • Analysis of structural and physiological changes in the central auditory system.
  • Examination of the effects of acoustic stimulation on auditory development.

Main Results:

  • The peripheral auditory system is structurally and functionally adult-like at birth.
  • The central auditory system shows progressive changes until early adulthood.
  • Lack of early acoustic stimulation leads to delayed neuronal maturation and atypical development.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory system maturation, particularly the central component, is experience-dependent.
  • Early and enriched sound environments are vital for typical auditory and language development.
  • Understanding auditory development trajectories informs interventions for developmental disorders.