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Related Concept Videos

System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Storage01:23

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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Explicit Memories01:27

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

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Memory: Normative development of memory systems.

Antoine Bouyeure1, Marion Noulhiane1

  • 1Translational and Applicative Neuroimaging Research Unit, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human memory comprises distinct systems, each developing uniquely from infancy to adulthood. Understanding these memory systems explains varying childhood mnemonic abilities and amnesia phenomena.

Keywords:
Brain maturationDeclarative memoryEpisodic memoryExplicit memoryHippocampal developmentMemory developmentNondeclarative memorySemantic memoryWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Behavioral, clinical, and neuroimaging data reveal multiple memory systems.
  • Memory is not a single capacity but a collection of distinct systems with unique mechanisms and neural correlates.
  • Each memory system follows its own developmental trajectory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize key findings on the development of major memory systems from infancy to early adulthood.
  • To present recent data on the development of declarative memory (episodic and semantic).
  • To explore the relationship between neural correlate maturation and infantile/childhood amnesia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of abundant behavioral, clinical, and neuroimaging data.
  • Analysis of developmental trajectories of distinct memory systems.
  • Examination of neural correlates underlying memory development.

Main Results:

  • Children exhibit heterogeneous mnemonic competencies due to distinct developmental courses of memory systems.
  • Declarative memory systems, including episodic and semantic memory, show specific developmental patterns.
  • Maturation of neural correlates is linked to infantile and childhood amnesia.

Conclusions:

  • Memory is a collection of distinct systems, not a unitary capacity.
  • The developmental course of each memory system explains variations in children's memory abilities.
  • Future research should further investigate the neural basis and developmental trajectories of memory systems.