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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface
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Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

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Maternal infections.

Isabelle Boucoiran1, Fatima Kakkar2, Christian Renaud3

  • 1Mother and Child Infection Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|September 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital infections, passed from mother to child, can harm fetal brain development and long-term neurodevelopment. Early brain injury from these infections may not be visible initially but can lead to later cognitive disabilities.

Keywords:
Congenital infectionCytomegalovirusHSVLCMVRubellaSyphilisToxoplasmosisVZVZika virus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Congenital infections are transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery.
  • These infections can cause brain lesions affecting fetal development and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • The fetal brain's limited response to injury can delay the manifestation of damage as neurocognitive disability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of congenital infections.
  • To describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital infections.
  • To discuss the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with congenital infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on congenital infections.
  • Analysis of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods.
  • Examination of treatment strategies and long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Congenital infections pose risks to fetal brain development through various mechanisms.
  • Early inflammatory changes may be subtle and manifest as later neurocognitive deficits.
  • Teratogenic effects on neuronal development are visible on imaging but difficult to predict long-term outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital infections represent a significant threat to neurodevelopmental health.
  • Understanding pathophysiology and early diagnosis are crucial for managing outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to better predict and mitigate long-term neurocognitive effects.