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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
Published on: April 29, 2015
Application of Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy for Evaluation of Vaccine Delivery Carriers
Hui Qian1, Yimei Jia2, Michael J McCluskie3
1Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Abstract:
Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) enables visualizing the physicochemical structure of nanocarriers in solution. Here, we demonstrate the typical applications of Cryo-TEM in characterizing archaeosome-based vesicles as antigen carriers, including the morphology and size of vaccine carriers. Cryo-TEM tomography, incorporated with immunogold labeling for identifying and localizing the antigens, reveals the antigen distribution within archaeosomes in three dimensions (3D).

