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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

69.1K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Self-Assembly of Hybrid Lipid Membranes Doped with Hydrophobic Organic Molecules at the Water/Air Interface
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Interface between Water-Solvent Mixtures and a Hydrophobic Surface.

Annemarie Prihoda1,2, Johannes Will2,3, Patrick Duchstein4

  • 1Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics (ICSP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

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|September 22, 2020
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Summary

Organic solvents form a stabilizing layer on nanoparticles during liquid antisolvent precipitation. This molecular layer enhances nanoparticle stability in aqueous media, explaining their formation without added stabilizers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The stability of organic nanoparticles formed via liquid antisolvent (LAS) precipitation often lacks a clear mechanistic explanation, especially when no specific stabilizing agents are employed.
  • Understanding the interfacial phenomena is crucial for controlling nanoparticle properties and ensuring their stability in dispersion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that the organic solvent itself forms a stabilizing molecular layer at the nanoparticle-aqueous interface during LAS precipitation.
  • To elucidate the role of organic solvents in the stabilization mechanism of nanoparticles synthesized without dedicated stabilizers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a flat model system of *n*-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-functionalized silicon wafers immersed in water-solvent mixtures to mimic the nanoparticle-liquid interface.
  • Employed X-ray reflectometry (XRR) to study the equilibrium structure of the solid-liquid interface for various organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, propanols, acetone, THF).
  • Developed a self-consistent adsorption model by integrating XRR-derived adsorption isotherms with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the formation of a distinct organic solvent-rich layer at the solid-liquid interface.
  • Observed that the thickness of this stabilizing layer increases with higher organic solvent concentrations.
  • Found a correlation between the layer thickness and the polar and hydrogen bond fractions of Hansen solubility parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides strong evidence that the organic solvent used in LAS precipitation acts as an intrinsic stabilizing agent by forming a molecular layer.
  • This solvent-derived interfacial layer is key to the stability of organic nanoparticles prepared without external stabilizers.
  • The findings offer a fundamental understanding of nanoparticle formation and stabilization in LAS processes, guiding future material design.