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![[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.jove.com%2FCDNSource%2Fteasers%2F59739.jpg&w=3840&q=50)
[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
Published on: May 21, 2019
Visible-Light-Mediated C-H Alkylation of Pyridine Derivatives
Fatima Rammal1, Di Gao1, Sondes Boujnah1
1Normandie Univ, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen 14000 France.
Abstract:
We report herein a visible-light-mediated C-H alkylation of pyridine derivatives that proceeds by simple combination of a large variety of N-alkoxypyridinium ions with alkanes in the presence of 2 mol % of fac-Ir(ppy)3 under blue illumination. The mild reaction conditions together with the high group functional tolerance make of this process a useful synthetic platform for the construction of structurally strained heterocycles. Detailed mechanistic investigations, including density functional theory calculations and quantum yield measurement, allowed us to understand factors controlling the reactivity and the selectivity of the reaction.
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Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.