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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Conditional reprogramming: next generation cell culture.

Xiaoxiao Wu1,2, Shengpeng Wang3, Mingxing Li1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|September 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conditional reprogramming (CR) enables long-term primary cell culture without genetic alteration, overcoming senescence. This novel method holds significant promise for various biomedical applications, from disease modeling to regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
3T3-J2 fibroblastAACR, American Association for Cancer ResearchACC, adenoid cystic carcinomaAR, androgen receptorCFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorsCR, conditional reprogrammingCYPs, cytochrome P450 enzymesConditional reprogrammingDCIS, ductal carcinoma in situECM, extracellular matrixESC, embryonic stem cellHCMI, human cancer model initiativesHGF, hepatocyte growth factorHNE, human nasal epithelialHPV, human papillomavirusesICD, intracellular domainLECs, limbal epithelial cellsNCI, National Cancer InstituteNGFR, nerve growth factor receptorNSCLC, non-small cell lung cancerNSG, NOD/SCID/gammaPDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaPDX, patient derived xenograftPP2A, protein phosphatase 2ARB, retinoblastoma-associated proteinROCKROCK, Rho kinaseSV40, simian virus 40 large tumor antigenSenescenceUVB, ultraviolet radiation bY-27632dECM, decellularized extracellular matrixhASC, human adipose stem cellshTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptaseiPSCs, induction of pluripotent stem cellsΔNP63α, N-terminal truncated form of P63α

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long-term mammalian cell culture is hindered by cellular senescence.
  • Traditional immortalization methods alter cell genetics and characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanism and applications of conditional reprogramming (CR).
  • To highlight CR's value in basic and translational research.
  • To discuss challenges associated with CR.

Main Methods:

  • CR involves co-culturing primary cells with inactivated mouse 3T3-J2 fibroblasts.
  • The RHO-related protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 is used.
  • This process allows primary cells to gain stem-like properties while retaining differentiation capacity.

Main Results:

  • CR facilitates long-term culture of primary epithelial cells from diverse origins.
  • Cells cultured via CR maintain their original genetic background.
  • CR-cultured cells exhibit stem-like characteristics and full differentiation potential.

Conclusions:

  • Conditional reprogramming is a powerful next-generation tool for primary cell culture.
  • CR has broad applications in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and precision medicine.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and fully realize CR's potential.