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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow
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Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from different bone sources: a panorama.

Angelo V Vasiliadis1,2, Nikiforos Galanis2

  • 12 Orthopaedic Department, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Papageorgiou", Ring Road-N. Eukarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Stem Cell Investigation
|September 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Regenerative medicine offers minimally-invasive orthopaedic treatments using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone marrow aspiration is a preferred source for MSCs, enabling in vitro expansion and reducing surgical risks.

Keywords:
Mesenchymal stem cellsfemurhumerusiliac cresttibia

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regenerative medicine presents minimally-invasive alternatives to traditional surgical interventions in orthopaedics.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential.
  • MSCs can be sourced from various bone sites, offering versatile therapeutic options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative orthopaedic surgery.
  • To compare the efficacy of MSCs derived from different bone sources for orthopaedic applications.
  • To highlight the advantages of MSCs as a minimally-invasive treatment modality.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on mesenchymal stem cell isolation and application in orthopaedics.
  • Analysis of nucleated cell concentrations from various bone marrow aspiration sites.
  • Discussion of in vitro cultivation and expansion techniques for MSCs.

Main Results:

  • Bone marrow aspiration from the posterior iliac crest yields a higher concentration of nucleated cells (25.1–54.7 × 10^6 cells/mL).
  • Other bone sources like the humerus, femur, tibia, vertebral body, and calcaneus provide MSCs within a range of 5.8 × 10^6 to 38.7 × 10^6 nucleated cells/mL.
  • In vitro expansion of MSCs avoids a second surgical site, reducing pain and infection risk.

Conclusions:

  • Mesenchymal stem cells are a promising regenerative treatment option in orthopaedic surgery.
  • The posterior iliac crest is a preferred site for bone marrow aspiration due to higher cell yields.
  • Utilizing MSCs offers a less invasive approach, enhancing patient outcomes and safety.