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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development.

Florian Krammer1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. florian.krammer@mssm.edu.

Nature
|September 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is progressing rapidly. Early trial data suggest that safe and effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines may be available soon.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 triggered the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
  • A critical need exists for vaccines to mitigate the global impact of COVID-19 on public health, economies, and societies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the ongoing development of vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2.
  • To assess the unprecedented speed and progress of vaccine development efforts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of vaccine development initiatives initiated following the release of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence in early January 2020.
  • Analysis of data from ongoing clinical trials, including Phase I, II, and III stages.

Main Results:

  • Over 180 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are currently in various stages of development.
  • Phase I and II trial data are available for numerous candidates, with many advancing to Phase III trials.
  • The rapid pace of development has been unprecedented, with Phase I trials commencing in March 2020.

Conclusions:

  • Current data indicate a strong possibility of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines becoming available within months.
  • The accelerated vaccine development timeline offers hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.