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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: AI-Driven Trypanosome Species Detection from Microscopic Images
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Human African trypanosomiasis & heart.

Hector Isaac Alejandro Ortiz1, Juan Maria Farina2, Clara Saldarriaga3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Hospital Herrera Llerandi , Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
|September 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiovascular complications in Human African Trypanosomiasis are frequent and varied. Early detection using electrocardiograms is crucial for timely treatment of this neglected tropical disease.

Keywords:
African trypanosomiasiscardiovascular diseasesglobal disease patternsheartneglected diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Tropical medicine
  • Cardiology
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Human African Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, is a neglected tropical disease.
  • Neurological symptoms are prominent, but cardiovascular involvement is increasingly recognized.
  • Early identification of cardiac complications is vital for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on cardiovascular implications of Human African Trypanosomiasis.
  • To focus on diagnostic and treatment strategies.
  • To propose methods for early detection of cardiac manifestations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic electronic literature review of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE.
  • Included 18 studies selected from an initial 50 based on predefined criteria.
  • Conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Main Results:

  • Cardiovascular compromise in Human African Trypanosomiasis is frequent, occurring through infiltrative and inflammatory pathways.
  • The spectrum of cardiac involvement ranges widely in severity.
  • Conventional 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) shows potential as a screening tool.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiovascular compromise is a significant and common feature of Human African Trypanosomiasis.
  • ECG can serve as a valuable initial test for screening cardiac involvement.
  • Findings can guide further diagnostic workup and treatment decisions.