Oncological Emergencies from Pathophysiology and Diagnosis to Treatment: A Narrative Review

Oncological emergencies are defined as any acute possible morbid or life-threatening events in patients with cancer either because of the malignancy or because of their treatment. These events may occur at any time during malignancy, from symptoms present to end-stage disease. The aim of this study is the review of urgent conditions results from cancer or cancer treatment side effects that need to be addressed immediately. In this study, a comprehensive and in-depth narrative review was carried out by searching the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar with the keywords of "cancer, emergency, metabolic emergency, neutropenic fever" along with the words, "tumor lysis syndrome, chemotherapeutic emergency, diagnosis, treatment " in last two decades. Patients suffering from cancer mostly face the challenges that we are classified in different categories, including metabolic, hematologic, cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, infectious, and chemotherapeutic emergencies. These patients mostly complain of headaches, nausea, pain, and fever. In conclusion, knowledge of oncology emergencies and palliative care as part of a team approach is critical for treating cancer patients. In this light, it is pivotal for physicians to focus on the early detection of oncological emergencies. Moreover, training programs for cancer patients help them to timely recognize and report the oncologic emergency symptoms, leading to avoid deleterious consequences and unnecessary healthcare costs as well as improve the quality of life in these patients.