Complex genetic encoding of the hepatitis B virus on-drug persistence

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is one of the nucleotide analogs capable of inhibiting the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). There is no known HBV resistance to TDF. However, detectable variation in duration of HBV persistence in patients on TDF therapy suggests the existence of genetic mechanisms of on-drug persistence that reduce TDF efficacy for some HBV strains without affording actual resistance. Here, the whole genome of intra-host HBV variants (N = 1,288) was sequenced from patients with rapid (RR, N = 5) and slow response (SR, N = 5) to TDF. Association of HBV genomic and protein polymorphic sites to RR and SR was assessed using phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian network methods. We show that, in difference to resistance to nucleotide analogs, which is mainly associated with few specific mutations in RT, the HBV on-TDF persistence is defined by genetic variations across the entire HBV genome. Analysis of the inferred 3D-structures indicates no difference in affinity of TDF binding by RT encoded by intra-host HBV variants that rapidly decline or persist in presence of TDF. This finding suggests that effectiveness of TDF recognition and binding does not contribute significantly to on-drug persistence. Differences in patterns of genetic associations to TDF response between HBV genotypes B and C and lack of a single pattern of mutations among intra-host variants sensitive to TDF indicate a complex genetic encoding of the trait. We hypothesize that there are many genetic mechanisms of on-drug persistence, which are differentially available to HBV strains. These pervasive mechanisms are insufficient to prevent viral inhibition completely but may contribute significantly to robustness of actual resistance. On-drug persistence may reduce the overall effectiveness of therapy and should be considered for development of more potent drugs.