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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

973
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

467
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol
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Stimuli-Responsive Insulin Delivery Devices.

Stephanie Fuchs1, Kaavian Shariati1, Minglin Ma2

  • 1Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 332 Riley Robb Hall 332, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|September 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New diabetes treatments focus on stimuli-responsive systems to mimic natural insulin release, improving glycemic control for type 1 diabetes patients. These closed-loop devices offer a less burdensome alternative to conventional therapies.

Keywords:
closed-loop devicesdrug deliverystimuli-responsivetype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Conventional type 1 diabetes management often fails to achieve optimal glycemic control.
  • Existing therapies impose a significant self-care burden on patients.
  • There is a need for advanced treatment strategies that better mimic physiological insulin secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate stimuli-responsive, reservoir-based insulin delivery devices.
  • To explore systems that utilize physiological or external triggers for insulin release.
  • To assess the potential impact of these advanced technologies on type 1 diabetes treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on stimuli-responsive insulin delivery systems.
  • Evaluation of reservoir-based devices with physiological or external triggers.
  • Analysis of current challenges and future prospects for closed-loop systems.

Main Results:

  • Stimuli-responsive closed-loop systems show promise in mimicking dynamic beta cell function.
  • These systems offer real-time insulin release based on fluctuating glucose levels.
  • Both physiologically and externally triggered systems were examined.

Conclusions:

  • Stimuli-responsive insulin delivery systems represent a significant advancement in type 1 diabetes management.
  • While clinical translation faces obstacles, further optimization holds great potential.
  • These technologies are poised to revolutionize type 1 diabetes treatment by enhancing glycemic control and reducing patient burden.